This article focuses on laying out guidelines that are essential for computer adminstration.
Generally every person should have awareness on particular basics about computer. It amis to improve your knowhow about basics and hence,facilities for better planning.
lets walk forward to know about
- MS-DOS Command
- Running Programs and
- Keyboard Shortcuts
Operating System – Some Fundamental DOS Commands,Rules for naming files in DOS and Types of files
Operating System
Operating system is a set of software that controls and manages hardware and basic system operations for a computer. The operating system loads programs into the computer's memory, runs these programs, and manages peripherals like disks and printers.
Example:
Disk Operating System (DOS)
Windows
LINUX
Mac
Unix
Disk Operating System (DOS)
• In the 1980s or early 1990s, the operating system that shipped with most PCs was a version of the Disk Operating System (DOS) created by Microsoft: MS-DOS.
• MS-DOS is a disk-based, single-user, single-task and character based user interface (CUI) operating system.
Goto MSDOS from Windows Operating System:
Click Start Button à Choose Program à Choose Accessories à Click Command Prompt as shown below:
Or Click Start Button Choose Run Type cmd in the Open tab as shown below:
The DOS commands can be entered in the command prompt and executed.
Some Examples of DOS commands
DIR Command
The dir command allows you to see the available files in the current and/or parent directories. Examples:
1. DIR
Lists all files and directories in the directory that you are currently in.
2. dir /w
If information on the date / time and other information on the files are not needed, then this command can be used to list just the files and directories going horizontally, taking as little as space needed.
3. dir /on
List the files in alphabetical order by the names of the files.
4. dir /o-n
List the files in reverse alphabetical order by the names of the files.
FORMAT Command
FORMAT command is used to erase all information of a diskette or fixed drive.1. format a:
Would erase all the contents off a disk. Commonly used on a diskette that has not been formatted or on a diskette you wish to erase.
2. format a: /q
Quickly erases all the contents of a floppy diskette. Commonly used to quickly erase all information on the diskette.
3. format c:
This would erase all the contents of C: hard disk drive. In other words, unless you wish to erase all your computer's information, this command should not be done unless you're planning to start over.
COPY Command
COPY command allows to copy one or more files to an alternate location.
Examples:
1. copy *.* a:
Copy all files in the current directory to the a disk drive.
2. copy file1.txt file2.txt
Copy the contents of file1.txt to file2.txt
3. copy myfile1.txt+myfile2.txt
Copy the contents in myfile2.txt and combines it with the contents in myfile1.txt.
PATH Command
Path is used to specify the location where MS-DOS looks when using a command. For example, when using the command "format", if the path is not specified to where the command is you will receive bad command or file name.
Example:
LABEL Command
Label is used to view or change the label of the computer disk drives.Example:
This would label the disk currently in the drive to "mydisk", but will not label if your disk is write protected.
VOL Command
VOL command displays the volume information about the designated drive.
MD (Make Directory) Command
MD command allows to create directories in MS-DOS.Examples:
1. md test
Creates the "test" directory in the directory in the currently directory.
2. md c:\test
Creates the "test" directory in the c:\ directory.
CD (Change Directory) Command
CD (Change Directory) is a command used to switch directories in MS-DOS.
Examples:
Goes to the highest level, the root of the drive.
2. cd..
Goes back one directory.
3. cd
Typing cd alone will print the working directory.
Important Shortcuts To Remember:
To change to the ROOT directory from any directory or subdirectory type:
CHDIR \ {ENTER}
To change to the parent directory of your current directory type:
CHDIR .. {ENTER}
DEL Command
DEL command is used to delete files from the computer. Deleting files from MS-DOS does not send files to the recycle bin.Examples:
1. del test.tmp
Deletes the test.tmp in the directory that you currently are in, if the file exists. 2. del c:\windows\test.tmp
Delete the c:\windows\test.tmp in the windows directory if it exists.
Rules for naming files in DOS
1. The combination of the following characters can be used for writing names of directories and files:Alphabets A to Z (both capital and small).
Digits 0 to 9.
Special characters like spaces ' ! A 0 $ο & # @ % '-{}[]+-=-- .
2. Some special characters which cannot be used are? / \ : 1< > II *.
3. There are some words specifically reserved for special files and are not allowed if used singly. They are CON, COM1, COM2, COM3. COM4, AVX, LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, PRN, NUL. These words can be used in combination such as ASCon, deltacom1, Panamavx. etc.
4. Files with extension names like .EXE, .COM and .BAT are called executable files and are given a special status by DOS.
5. Dot (.) is allowed only once.
Types of files in DOS
DOS supports a wide variety of files. The type of the file can be identified with the extension of the file in the filename. The three letters following the name of the file is called as the extension of the file.Examples:
.bak
Used by programs and users to make a copy of an existing file for safety and/or archive purposes.
.bas A basic computer-language program file.
.bat
This is used for a batch file. Such a file is a series of commands in mostly plain english which perform an operation in DOS automatically. They come with some programs and may also be written by a user to make shortcuts or perform operations like sorting or backups.
.bin
A binary file.
.c A file of programming language in the C format.
.dat
Used to hold information about a particular aspect of a program or about a particular operation. The latter may update a .dat file to reflect recent changes. Other operations in the program may then view this file and other .dat files while determining a course of action.
.db or .dbf
These are used by data base programs to hold the users' data information. Other programs may use them to hold information used by the application itself for such things as printer specifications regarding printer selection by the user.
.dir
Used to house a directory list, especially for communications programs.
.exe
An executable file.
Formatting a Diskette (review)
DANGER: BE SURE YOU ONLY FORMAT FLOPPIES! NEVER FORMAT YOUR C: DRIVE WHEN DOING THESE LESSONS ELSE YOU WILL LOSE EVERYTHING ON YOUR HARD DRIVE!!
You use the FORMAT command to format a diskette. We did that in our previous lesson.
Formatting a diskette you have previously used erases any data on the diskette, so only reformat a diskette if you are very sure you don't need any of the data on it.
1. Type:
FORMAT A: {ENTER}
Note: To put the MS-DOS operating system files onto the diskette you are formatting, add the /S switch to the command
FORMAT A: /S {ENTER}
Putting the operating system on the diskette enables you to BOOT-UP the computer from the diskette. This disk is now known as a SYSTEM DISK. NOTE THAT THIS COMMAND DOESN'T WORK ON WINDOWS 2000 or XP!!! The Windows 2000 or XP operating system is too big to fit on a diskette.
2. When this prompt appears on the screen.
Insert new diskette for drive A: and strike ENTER when ready
insert the diskette you want to format into drive A:
Press the {Carriage Return } or { ENTER } key.
3. When formatting is complete, and this prompt appears:
Format another (Y/N) ? Type Y (for yes) to format another diskette, N (for no) to exit from the FORMAT command.
Copying a Diskette
You use the DISKCOPY command to make a copy of a diskette. Before you run DISKCOPY bear in mind:• The diskette you are copying FROM is the SOURCE diskette. The diskette you are copying TO is the TARGET diskette.
• You don't need to format the target diskette - DISKCOPY does it for you.
• DISKCOPY erases any information you already had on the target diskette.
Let's use DISKCOPY! From your C drive MS-DOS Prompt, do this:
1. DISKCOPY A: A: {ENTER}
2. When this message appears:
Insert SOURCE diskette in drive A:
Press any key when ready...
Insert the source diskette and press any key when ready!
3. When this message appears:
Insert TARGET diskette in drive A:
Press any key when ready...
Remove the SOURCE diskette and insert the TARGET diskette into drive A:
and press any key again.
4. When copying is complete this prompt appears:
Copy another diskette (Y/N) ?
Type Y (for yes) to copy another diskette, N (for no) to exit from the DISKCOPY command.
NOTE:- Later versions of MS-DOS may ask if you wish to make another copy of the diskette, this makes another copy WITHOUT having to insert the SOURCE diskette again.
I am delighted that you have engaged me.
RUNNING PROGRAMS
Using the Run command is a quick way to open programs, files, folders, and—when you're connected
to the Internet—websites.
If you're not using the Start menu in Classic view, the Search box on the Start menu
can also be used in place of the Run command.
- Click the Start button
, click All Programs, click Accessories, and then click Run.
- In the Open box, type the name of a program, folder, file, or website.
Tip
- For quick access to the Run command, drag it from the Start menu to the Quick Launch toolbar, where you can access it with a single click.
Quick Launch toolbar
Accessibility Controls – access.cpl
Accessibility Wizard – accwiz
Add Hardware Wizard- hdwwiz.cpl
Add/Remove Programs – appwiz.cpl
Administrative Tools – control admintools
Adobe Acrobat (IF IT’S INSTALLED)- acrobat
Adobe Designer(IF IT’S INSTALLED)- acrodist
Adobe Distiller (IF IT’S INSTALLED)- acrodist
Adobe Image Ready (IF IT’S INSTALLED)- imageready
Adobe Photoshop (IF IT’S INSTALLED) – photoshop
Automatic Updates – wuaucpl.cpl
B:
Basic Media Player - mplay32
Bluetooth Transfer Wizard – fsquirt
C:
Calculator – calc
Certificate Manager – certmgr.msc
Character Map - charmap
Check Disk Utility – chkdsk
Clipboard Viewer – clipbrd
Command Prompt – cmd
Command.com - command
Component Services – dcomcnfg
Compare files - comp
Computer Management – compmgmt.msc
Control Panel – control
Create a shared folder wizerd – shrpubw
D:
Date and Time Properties – timedate.cpl
DDE Shares – ddeshare
Device Manager - devmgmt.msc
Direct X Control Panel (IF IT’S INSTALLED)* – directx.cpl
Direct X Troubleshooter – dxdiag
Disk Cleanup Utility – cleanmgr
Disk Defragment – dfrg.msc
Disk Management - diskmgmt.msc
Disk Partition Manager - diskpart
Display Properties – control desktop
Display Properties – desk.cpl
Display Properties (Appearance) – control color
Dr. Watson (system troubleshooting) - drwtsn32
Driver Verifier Utility – verifier
E:
Ethereal(IF IT’S INSTALLED) - ethereal
Event Viewer - eventvwr.msc
F:
Files and Settings Transfer Tool – migwiz
File Signature Verification Tool – sigverif
Findfast - findfast.cpl
Firefox (IF IT’S INSTALLED) - firefox
Folders Properties – control folders
Fonts – control fonts
Fonts Folder - fonts
Free Cell Card Game – freecell
G:
Game Controllers – joy.cpl
Group Policy Editor (XP Prof) – gpedit.msc
H:
Hearts Card Game – mshearts
Help and Support – helpctr
HyperTerminal – hypertrm
Hotline Client - hotlineclient
I:
Iexpress Wizard –- iexpress(it’s a funny tool, see it!)
Indexing Service – ciadv.msc
Internet Connection Wizard – icwconn1
Internet Explorer - iexplore
Internet Properties - inetcpl.cpl
Internet Setup Wizard - inetwiz
IP Configuration (internet connection configuration tool)- ipconfig /all
IP Configuration (DNS Cache Contents will show) – ipconfig /displaydns
IP Configuration (DNS Cache Contents will delete) - ipconfig /flushdns
IP Configuration (Release All Connections) - ipconfig /release
IP Configuration (Renew All Connections) - ipconfig /renew
IP Configuration (Refreshes DHCP & Re-Registers DNS) – ipconfig /registerdns
IP Configuration (Display DHCP Class ID) - ipconfig /showclassid
IP Configuration (Modifies DHCP Class ID)- ipconfig /setclassid
J:
Java Control Panel (IF IT’S INSTALLED) - jpicpl32.cpl
Java Control Panel (IF IT’S INSTALLED) - javaws
K:
Keyboard Properties – control keyboard
L:
Local Security Settings – secpol.msc
Local Users and Groups – lusrmgr.msc
Logs You Out Of Windows – logoff
M:
Malicious Software Removal Tool – mrt
Microsoft Access (IF IT’S INSTALLED) - access.cpl
Microsoft Chat – winchat
Microsoft Excel (IF IT’S INSTALLED) –- excel
Microsoft Diskpart - diskpart
Microsoft Frontpage (IF IT’S INSTALLED) –- frontpg
Microsoft Movie Maker – moviemk
Microsoft management console- mmc
Microsoft Paint – mspaint
Microsoft Powerpoint (IF IT’S INSTALLED)- – powerpnt
Microsoft Word (IF IT’S INSTALLED) –- winword
Microsoft Syncronization Tool - mobsync
Minesweeper Game – winmine
Mouse Properties – control mouse
Mouse Properties – main.cpl
MS-DOS Editor - edit
MS-DOS FTP - ftp
N:
Nero (IF IT’S INSTALLED) - nero
Netmeeting – conf
Network Connections – control netconnections
Network Connections- ncpa.cpl
Network Setup Wizard - netsetup.cpl
Notepad - notepad
Nview Desktop Manager (IF IT’S INSTALLED) –- nvtuicpl.cpl
O:
Object Packager – packager
ODBC Data Source Administrator - odbccp32.cpl
On Screen Keyboard – osk
Opens AC3 Filter (IF IT’S INSTALLED)- ac3filter.cpl
Outlook Express – msimn
P:
Paint – pbrush
Password Properties – password.cpl
Performance Monitor – perfmon.msc
Performance Monitor – perfmon
Phone and Modem Options - telephon.cpl
Phone Dialer - dialer
Pinball Game - pinball
Power Configuration – powercfg.cpl
Printers and Faxes – control printers
Printers Folder – printers
Prefetch folder- prefetch
Private Character Editor - eudcedit
Q:
Quicktime (IF IT’S INSTALLED) –- QuickTime.cpl
Quicktime Player (IF IT’S INSTALLED) –- quicktimeplayer
R:
Real Player (IF IT’S INSTALLED) –- realplay
Recent items- recent
Regional Settings – intl.cpl
Registry Editor – regedit
Registry Editor – regedit32
Remote Access Phonebook – rasphone
Remote Desktop - mstsc
Removable Storage – ntmsmgr.msc
Removable Storage Operator Requests – ntmsoprq.msc
Resultant Set of Policy (XP Proffessional) – rsop.msc
S:
Scanners and Cameras – sticpl.cpl
Scheduled Tasks – control schedtasks
Security Center – wscui.cpl
Services – services.msc
Sharing session - rtcshare
Shared Folders – fsmgmt.msc
Shuts Down Windows - shutdown
Sound recorder - sndrec32
Sounds and Audio - mmsys.cpl
Spider Solitare Card Game – spider
SQL Client Configuration - cliconfg
System Configuration Editor – sysedit
System Configuration Utility - msconfig
System File Checker Utility ( to instant file check) -– sfc /scannow
System File Checker Utility (next checking, when restart])- sfc /scanonce
System File Checker Utility (always check when pc start)- sfc /scanboot
System File Checker Utility (Return to Default Setting) – sfc /revert
System File Checker Utility (Purge File Cache) – sfc /purgecache
System File Checker Utility (Set Cache Size to size x) – sfc /cachesize=x
System Information – msinfo32
System Properties – sysdm.cpl
T:
Task Manager – taskmgr
TCP Tester - tcptest
Telnet Client – telnet
Tree- tree
Tweak UI (IF IT’S INSTALLED) - tweakui
U:
User Account Management – nusrmgr.cpl
Utility Manager – utilman
V:
Volume Serial Number for C: - label
Volume Control - sndvol32
W:
Windows Address Book – wab
Windows Address Book Import Utility – wabmig
Windows Backup Utility (IF IT’S INSTALLED) - ntbackup
Windows Explorer – explorer
Windows Firewall - firewall.cpl
Windows installer details - msiexec
Windows Address Book – wab
Windows Address Book Import Utility – wabmig
Windows Magnifier - magnify
Windows Management Infrastructure - wmimgmt.msc
Windows Media Player – wmplayer
Windows Messenger – msmsgs
Windows Picture Import Wizard (must have camera)- wiaacmgr
Windows System Security Tool – syskey
Windows Update Launches – wupdmgr
Windows Version (to windows version) – winver
Windows XP Tour Wizard – tourstar
Wordpad - write
Z:
Zoom Utility- igfxzoom
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